Tugas 2 - international accounting

Pelaporan dan Pengungkapan Akuntansi Internasional (Reporting and Disclosure International Accounting)

The disclosures are very system pertaining to the development of an accounting system. Standard and practices disclosure affected by sources of finance, a legal system, political and economic ties, the rate of economic development, the level of education, culture, and others influence. Differences national in disclosure generally is propelled by differences in management companies and finance. In the u.s. , english and countries the other american, equity market provide most funding required a company so be very advanced. In those markets, possession tending to widespread among many shareholders and protection for investors very emphasized. Institutional investors play a role that is more important in these countries, demanding financial returns and shareholder value being increased. In most other countries (such as France, Japan and some countries of a growing market), stock ownership still remains highly concentrated and the bank (and or owner family) has traditionally been the main source of financing for the company. These banks in other circles, and gained a lot of information about the company's financial position and activities.

Corporate disclosure of evolution

Obligations and practices corporate disclosure affected by certain things , among others as follows :

The impact of the the stock market

In an economy competitive, to distribute the disclosure koorperasi is a means of accountability koorperasi to the provider capital ( investors ) and for mepermudah resource allocation for the utilization of the most productive. A coorporatiom need to attract capital in huge amounts for the financing of activities, extensive production and distribution. Therefore this internal pembiyaan is heavily dependent on external capital invested by investors on a coorporation, as a mutual, an investor requires disclosure (tansparansi koorperasi) in which investors can assess the quality of the stock they bury it.

A conceptual relation between the disclosure of being meingkat and capital cost company of behavioral investment in the condition of uncertainty , which is this :

1. In the world of uncertainty , investors looking at the return on investment securities as of money received as konsekwensi proprietorship

2. Because of uncertainty returns was seen in sense probabilistic

3. Investors use a number of different sizes for measuring the expected results of a sekuritas

4. Investors like the return on high for level risks certain or otherwise

5. The value of an securities positive associated with streams expected results and is associated with reverse risk pertaining to refund pool

6. So , disclosure company will increase distribution probability of the expected results by investors by reducing uncertainty relating to refund pool. So will increase performance of companies ( ) in eyes investors so it attracts investors to invest more loans to securities same so as to diminish capital cost.

Effect of Non-Financial

This happens when there is a growing trend where public koorperasi responsible for policies and actions. This is due to the small countries tend to see multinational companies as a direct threat to the sovereignty of the country, where multinational companies are able to create the general living standards of a country with multinational business activities, such as direct investment strategies that affect exchange rates abroad.Besides the welfare of society can be influenced by the tax payment arbiter (arbitrary) between countries, or a series of manipulation by multinational companies, so that "shareholders non - financial, such as trade unions, government, and the general public requires transparency (disclosure) corporations, both financial and non-financial.UN efforts to move the observance of foreign direct investment activities, as follows:1. Value of direct investment limit is where a single foreign investor controlling more than 10% of common shares or voting rights is effective in management.2. Composition of direct investment income, are dividends, retained earnings, and accrued interest.3. Elimination of capital gains / losess: where profits must not contain any capital gain or losess already / not yet realized.4. Inter-company accounts receivable billing must enter the transaction in the stock, or long-term debt and short.5. Conversion procedure where the interest, dividends, profits are distributed and retained in foreign currency shall be converted in the spot rate on the date of receipt.6. Measurement of direct investment should be measured using the book value of the share capital and reserves.7. Re-estimate the stock of direct investment, where the ownership of the shares must be re-estimated using replacement cost instead of book value.